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Articles

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Educationl neurosciences : Supporting young minds in the era of uncertainty

Functional changes in brain activity in altered states of consciousness : An SDM-PSI comparative systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Ayla Gay
DOI
https://doi.org/10.26034/cortica.2026.11667
Submitted
October 6, 2026
Published
2026-10-09

Abstract

Altered states of consciousness (ASCs) induced by psychological practices (mindfulness meditation, hypnosis, self-induced trance) and pharmacological agents (classical and atypical psychedelics) are increasingly linked to therapeutic change, yet their shared and unique neural signatures remain uncertain. We conducted three preregistered, coordinate-based meta-analyses using SDM-PSI, mindfulness meditation (k = 9), hypnosis (k = 7), and psychedelics (k = 25; ketamine, MDMA, LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, DMT), with a total subject number N = 961, and a narrative review of trance (k = 1). Two aims guided the study: (1) map whole-brain functional alterations for each ASC; (2) examine exploratory cross-state convergence via descriptive overlap of threshold maps. All three analyses showed low heterogeneity and no evidence of small-study bias; however, k < 10 for meditation and hypnosis renders bias tests under-powered. TFCE-corrected effects were observed only for meditation; findings for hypnosis and psychedelics remained uncorrected and exploratory. At exploratory significance, all ASC categories showed decreased activity in default-mode hubs (posterior cingulate, medial prefrontal) with greater engagement of salience and executive regions (anterior cingulate, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal); psychedelics additionally involved visual and thalamic circuits, whereas hypnosis preferentially modulated sensorimotor-integration zones. These results suggest candidate region-level commonalities alongside modality-specific features. They provide a transparent scaffold for confirmatory work: preregistered, correction-controlled cross-state conjunctions; modality-homogeneous and substance-specific analyses (classical vs atypical); and quality-weighted sensitivity checks, potentially bridging neurophenomenology with clinical applications in mental health.

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